LESSON 14- MAXIMIZING THE USE OF THE OVERHEAD PROJECTOR AND THE CHALKBOARD

                          The chalkboard is the old way of teaching the students during 1980s and early 90's.
Reality to a remote areas have no computer,radio,tv but what they have is only tje chalkboard. Teachers wrote clearly & legibly on the board. Other teachers have a hard copy of a chalkboard diagram or outline. Don't crowd notes on the board, overcrowding board work, students may fail to see the ideas. Make use of colored chalk to highlight key points. Do not turn your back to the class while writing on the chalkboard. For the sake of order and clarity, start to write from the left side of the board going right. In teaching grade pupils and if you think the lines on the chalkboard are needed for writing exercise, then provide the lines for your board. Look at board work from all corners of the room to test if pupils from all sides of the room can read your board work. A curtain in a window is used if there is glare on the chalkboard. Write "Please Save" if you need to have a board work in advance or that need to be saved for tommorow's use. Cover it with a curtain.

THE OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

There are other kinds of projectors like opaque projector and slide projector. OHP are available in schools. It has a lot of advantages. It is simple to operate. It is used in the front of the room by the instructor,who has complete control of the sequence,timing,and manipulation of his material.

INSIGHTS AND REACTION:

              Several school especially in the remote places esp.those who have not reached by electricity, do not have a computer. A few schools may be bountifully blessed with computers and computer-literate teachers. But most pr several schools are not as blessed. There may be at least one computer but teachers may have not been trained to use it. As a result, they resort to the chalkboard which is the most available classroom equipment and the OHP become quitwe popular in schools.
               Of all instructional equipment,the chalkboard is most available. The OHP is another versatile equipment that is most popular today. We need to learn how to use it properly so we can able to realize our instructional objectives. OHP proven to be effective by practitioners. We can save much time when we present our lecture on transparencies instead of writing/drawing naively on the chalkboard. By the use of a photocopier and hard copy, it is easy to prepare notes on transparencies. It is sometimes more accurate than the LCD.
               Having lectures in a certain seminars or orientation is more effective and realistic if the lecturer present it with visuals so that listener or audience will not get dismayed. It finds out boring,dull and sleepy.
                 Teachers of 80's were pitiuful,were not blessed,unfair compared to teachers on contemporary times. Old teachers don't have a computer skill,nor they are bound to be called "zero" computer skills. They only used books,notebooks,paper,ballpen/pencil as their teaching-learning tools. Unlike today,teachers wre so much blessed and bountiful. They were already a computer literate. Students today are more skillful  and accepted computers as everyday tool eapecially in daily assignments pertaining to schools compliances and requirements. Reporting or having a demonstration  can now be easily done by means of using an Overhead Projector device.Today,all things in ralation to teaching-learning process is quite easy,simple,manageable and comfty.

LESSON 13- TEACHING WITH VISUAL SYMBOLS

                     From a real-world experience, we proceed to a world of symbols. In this chapter, a real things or objects cannot be seen, what we can only seen here is only symbols. Visual Symbols include drawings,cartoons,strip drawings,diagrams,formulas,charts,graphs,maps,globes.

                   Graph is easier to understand than the words of a paragraph. A drawing may not be the real thing but better to have a concrete visual aid than nothing. See to it that the drawing correctly represents the real thing.

                      Another useful visual symbol that can bring novelty to our teaching is the cartoon. A first-rate cartoon tells its story metaphorically. The perfect cartoon needs no caption. The less the artist depends on words, the more effective the symbolism. The symbolism conveys the message.

                       Strip drawings are commonly called comics or comic strip. These can serve as motivation and starter of the lesson. It can also be given as an activity for students to express insights gained at the conclusion of a lesson. We can obtain strip drawings from newspapers,magazines and books.

                       Diagrams is any line drawing that shows arrangement and relations as of parts to the whole,relative values,origins and development,chronological fluctuations,distribution.

INSIGHTS AND REACTION: 

                          A graph is "worth a thousand words". A graph and any visual symbols such as drawings,cartoons,strip drawings,diagrams and maps are worth a thousand words. They are more clearly understood than mere words. Pictures,slides,handouts,videos,mock ups,models,computer projections are visuals.

                         Like a picture, a graph and all other visual symbols, are worth a thousand words. The proper use of visual symbols will contribute to optimum learning. Be skilled in making visual symbol, It may be in a drawing form,cartoons,strip drawing (comic strip),diagram,map,chart,graph. Be resourceful and creative in the collection,preparation and use of the various visual symbols. Used it in different ways and in different phases of the lesson depending on your purpose. Using only one visual symbol for every lesson will keep learners active,attentive,and cooperative and keep teaching crispy & fresh. Only that this requires more preparation & more learning on our side/ part. Learn how to draw,sketch,make diagrams,graphs and charts. Teachers must be vulnerable in any aspects. Teachers must be creative,innovative,intelligent,stylish,enthusiastic and very loving to students They must be a skilled resourceful individual. Patience and Perseverance are the ultimate qualities of a good teacher. Teachers indeed are vulnerable in any ways.

                    

                     

     

CHAPTER 12- THE POWER OF FILM,VIDEO and TV in the CLASSROOM

                      Educational tools like visual media,film,video and television were considered as high potential impact. They are now more accessible and less cumbersome to use.
                      The VCR (Video Casette Recorder) gave us flexibility. We could watch the 1st twenty mins., stop the tape and discuss elements for introduction,mood,suspense and characterization-and view it again.
                      Dale says the film,video and tv transmit a wide range of audio-visual materials, stiil pictures, films,objects, specimens and drama,bring models of excellence to the viewers, bring the world of reality to the home and to the classroom through a "live" broadcast or as mediated through film or videotape, Make us see and hear for ourselves world events as they happen, make some programs understandable and appealing to a wide variety of age and educational levels, become a great equalizer of educational opportunity beacause programs can be presented over national and regional networks, provide us with sounds and sights not easily available even to the viewer of a real event through long shots, close ups, zoom shots, magnification & split screen made possible by the tv camera, can give opportunity to teachers to view themselves while they teach for purposes of self-improvement, can be both instructive and enjoyable-with sight and sounds and motion, tv is much more enjoyable.


INSIGHTS AND REACTION:

 

                      The film, video and tv are powerful instructional tools. Teaching-Learning process become more concrete,lively,colorful & interactive if they are used appropriately and moderately. It adds to a more lasting learning because of its visual, audio and motion effects. These effects make learning fun and enjoyable. Moreover, misuse and abuse of these tools in the classroom and even at home has a negative effect or leads to a damaging effects in the development of learner or childrens' imaginative and thinking powers and sensitivity to human life. The most known weakness of the tv is the effect of tv violence on peoples' aggressive behavior. The effect of tv depends on how it is used. It can give a more accurate, more lively & more colorful presentation of a difficult topic in physics for example the one who teaches the topic is inexperienced & can only make use of still pictures in black and white as visual aid. There are educational benefits of the use of the tv but when used excessively, it can impair & destruct the development of children's ability to visualize, to be creative and imaginative. Never expose children on TV violence. The violence effect on media results to a bigger aggression than the effect of exposure to lead on IQ ability in children, the effect of calcium intake on bone mass, or the effect of homework on academic achievement, or the effect of asbestos ( cancer) exposure on cancer. Cause of high rate of violence is the high exposure to media violence.

                          Use the TV appropriately & moderately. Accompany your children in watching TV so that you can expalin clearly nor correct them when there is something negative shown on screen. Try to explain to them the advantage and disadvantage on tv and advice them what is necessarily right and avoid or evade doing the bad show; never imitate the bad ones on tv. Try to give advises to your children not to stick or glued on tv; to mind them also their assignments in school or even household chores. Never leave children esp. the most young ones alone on tv, it needs parental guidance.

CHAPTER 11- MAKING THE MOST OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES AND FIELD TRIPS

Planning a field trip includes the following steps;
1.Preliminary planning by the teacher
2.Preplanning with others going on the trip
3.Taking the field trip itself
4.Post-field trip follow up activities

                            Field Trips bring us to the world beyond the classroom. The real world connection is more work but the benefits of broadening teaching beyond textbooks far outweigh the little bit of time it takes from a teacher's schedule.
Disadvantages of field trips are;
1.It is costly
2.It involves logistics
3.It is extravagant with time and contains an element of uncertainty.

INSIGHTS AND REACTION:

                             Field Trips connect people. People involved are students,teachers,parents,school head. Resource persons in the community are brought to the school as key informants in an interview by children or as lecturers. Opening school doors to parents,officials,and other members of the community are rich learning resources.
                             Although field trips are expensive but considering the intensity and the extent of concrete experiences, students and teachers were encouraged to use them. Preparation and Planning for the field trip also includes discussions and decisions on what to do before the field trip, during the field trip, and after the field trip.
                            Field Trip is fun and educational. Field Trips are opportunities for rich and memorable experiences which are fundamental to learning that lasts. It is not only meant for the social science subjects. It is for all other subjects as well. It can bring about a lot of realizations which may lead to changes in attitudes ani insights. The field trip can nurture curiousity; build a zest for new experience, and a sense of wonder.
                           But there are also disadvantages in a field trip. One is it is costly, it involves logistics, it is extravagant with time and contains an element of uncertainty.Field trip is good if it's for educational and knowledgeable, but bane if it's use for pleasure and fun...     

LESSON -10 DEMONSTRATIONS IN TEACHING

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                     Demonstrations is very handy. It requires no elaborative preparation and yet as effective as the other instructional materials when done properly. Guiding Principles in using a demonstration as a teaching-learning experience:

1.Establish rapport- Great the audience. Make them feel at ease by your warmth and sincerity. Stimulate their interest by making your demonstration and yourself interesting. Sustain their attention.
2.Avoid the COIK fallacy (Clear Only If Known)- It is the assumption that what is clear to the expert demonstrator is also clearly known to the person for whom the message is intended. To avoid the fallacy, it is best for the expert demonstrator to assume that his audience knows nothing or a little about what he is intending to demonstrate for him to be very thorough,clear and detailed in his demo even to a point of facing the risk of being repetitive.
3.Watch for key points- The ones @ which an error is likely to be made, the places @ which many people stumble and where the knacks & tricks of the trade are esp.important

INSIGHTS AND REACTION:

                       Field Trips connect people. People involved are students, teachers, parents, school head. Resource persons in the community are brought to the school as key information in an interview by children or as lecturers. Opening school doors to parents, officials & other members of the community are rich learning resources.
                       Although field trips are extensive but considering the intensity and the extent of concrete experiences, students and teachers were encouraged to use them. Preparation and Planning for the field trip also includes discussions and decisions on what to do before the field trip, during the field trip and after the field trip.
                       Field Trip is fun and educational. Field trips are opportunities for rich and memorable experiences which are fundamental to learning that lasts. It is not only meant for the social science subjects. It is for all other subjects as well. It can bring about a lot of realizations which may lead to changes in attitudes and insights. The field trip can nurture curiosity; build a zest for new experience, and a sense of wonder.
                      But there are also disadvantages in a field trip. One is it is costly, it involves logistics, it is extravagant with time and contains an element of uncertainty.
         

LESSON 9-TEACHING WITH DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES

                  Something dramatic is something that is stirring or affecting or moving.Dramatic experiences range from the formal plays,pageants to less formal tableau,pantomime,puppets and role-playing.

                   Plays depict life,character or culture or a combination of all three.It portrays vividly important ideas about life.

                   Pageants are usually commonly dramas that are based on local history presented by local actors.

                   Play and Pantomimes requires much time in preparation and so it cannot be part of everyday classroom pictures.

                   Pantomime and Tableaux are less demanding in terms of labor,time and preparation.These are all visual experiences.

                   A Pantomime is the art of conveying a story through bodily movements only.It's effect on the audience depends on the movements of he actors.

                   A tableau is a picture like scene composed of people against a background.It is often used to celebrate Independence day,Christmas and UN.

INSIGHTS AND REACTION:
                   Dramatic experiences give students' multiple intelligencies.Such experiences are plays,pageants,pantomimes,tableaus,puppets,and role-playing.Musical Intelligence is musical when accompanied by a music.These cannot be done alone.It needs a companion.Intelligent students have no difficulty relating and working with people.Role-Playing is the most effective in the affective domain.
                   Learning should be fast,absorbed and enhancing if accompanied by a certain dramatic experiences such as role-playing.
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LESSON 8- TEACHING WITH CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES

 

                         If direct experiences cannot employ as materials for instruction,a contrived experience is used. Under these contrived experiences are te model of the atom,the globe,the planetarium the simulated election process and the preserved specimen. This is the second band of experiences in Dale's Cone of Experience. These are edited copies of reality used as substitutes for real thing in the classroom.

                         Models such as atom,the planetarium. A model is a reproduction of a real thing in a small scale or large scale or exact size but made of synthetic material. It is a substitute for a real thing which may or may not be operational.

                         Mock up such as the planetarium,It is an arrangement of a real device or associated devices. A mock up is a special model.

                         Preserved Specimens are specimens and objects.Specimen is any individual or item considered typical of a group,class or whole.

                         Simulation such as school election process.It is a representation of a manageable real event in which the learner is an active participant engaged in learning a behavior or in applying previously acquired skills or knowledge.

                         Game is another example of contrived experiences.Games are played to win while simulations need not have a winner.

INSIGHTS:

                  Contrived Experiences is used in the absence of direct experiences as materials for instruction.We make use of this contrived materials to overcome limitations of space and time,to edit reality for us to be able to focus on parts or a process of a system that we intend to study,to overcome difficulties of size,to understand the inaccessible,to help the learners understand abstractions.While we use simulations and games to make classes interactive and to develop the decision making skills and knowledge construction skills of students.
                  Learning should be more enhancing if there is simulations,mock ups and games used.

LESSON 7- DIRECT,PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES AND BEYOND

Direct Purposeful Experiences is the instructional material here...

INSIGHTS:

                    This entails us that whatever kinds of technology,we don't know how to use,how to operate or how does it benefitted to mankind. We couldn't be able to know a certain device if we don't give ourselves a try. If we are always depending on others who is expert for a particular thing,then,we will remain unskilled and novice. But if you give time to yourself practicing and exploring a certain thing.it will eventually develop. Skills in a certain thing will be eventually develop until mastery achieved.

                     There is a saying that goes "Constant Practice Makes Perfect". Just keep on practicing,keep on surfing until mastery acquired. You can learned by doing. It is a natural thing to experience that you learn from your mistake and correct it if possible. The concept of positive and negative discrimination indices became fully understood only after the actual experience of item analysis. All these things or experiences needs to use,whatever we can,direct,purposeful experiences in the teaching-learning process.
                     This is said to be purposeful because the experiences are not purely mechanical. These are experiences that involve asking questions that have significance in the life of the person. These experiences undergone in relation to a purpose by learning. This means that this must not be the period or the dead end. This is more of hands-on,minds on and hearts on approach. This means that thoughts or meanings following reflection run the risk of a lesson,direct experience should be more knowledgeable and effective.
                      This implicates that we give students or fill in their minds in a way of learning by doing.Give them outside activities.